Sakib is known as a brilliant student in his class. However, for the past few months, he has been struggling to remember things. Despite studying, he finds himself unable to write anything during exams. Gradually, he even starts forgetting his friends’ names. The situation worsens when he realizes that he can’t recall his phone number!
This gradual memory loss and cognitive decline is known as dementia.
Let’s explore what dementia is and how it affects people.
What is Dementia?
Dementia is a neurological condition that affects memory, thinking, and reasoning abilities. It primarily impacts older individuals, but aging itself is not the sole cause. The brain’s neurons gradually decline with age, and certain diseases can accelerate this process, leading to dementia.
Who Can Develop Dementia?
Dementia is more common among individuals aged 65 and older. However, younger individuals are not completely risk-free. If a parent has dementia, their children may also develop it at a younger age.
Historically, dementia was referred to as “senility” or “age-related dementia.” However, modern research indicates that while age increases the risk, dementia can develop at any stage of life.
A study by the Singapore National Institute of Neuroscience has shown that cases of dementia among young people have quadrupled in the last four years.
Causes of Dementia
The primary causes of dementia include:
- AIDS
- Hypothyroidism
- Vitamin B-12 deficiency
- Lyme disease (a bacterial infection)
- Neurosyphilis
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Depression
- Irregular sleep patterns
- Side effects of certain medications
- Excessive alcohol consumption
However, the leading cause of dementia is brain damage.
Symptoms of Dementia
Dementia develops gradually over months or years. Initially, the affected person may not even realize they have dementia. Symptoms vary depending on the type but commonly include:
- Memory Loss – Particularly short-term memory decline.
- Difficulty Finding Words – Struggling to recall basic words while speaking or writing.
- Trouble Understanding Others – The affected person hears words but struggles to comprehend them.
- Inability to Perform Daily Tasks – Simple tasks like making tea, dressing, or cooking are challenging.
- Personality and Mood Changes – Increased suspicion, irritability, anxiety, or depression.
- Lack of Focus – Difficulty concentrating on studies or work.
- Depression – A common symptom that further worsens memory issues.
- Sleep Problems – Many dementia patients suffer from insomnia.
Types of Dementia
- Alzheimer’s Disease – The most common type, affecting 60-80% of dementia patients. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, speech problems, and behavioral changes. It occurs due to the destruction of brain cells.
- Huntington’s Disease – A genetic disorder caused by a defect in chromosome 4. It leads to uncontrolled movements, cognitive decline, and mood swings.
- Vascular Dementia – Caused by brain damage due to stroke or reduced blood flow, leading to impaired reasoning and decision-making.
- Lewy Body Dementia is characterized by memory loss, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and muscle rigidity. It occurs due to an abnormal buildup of protein in the brain.
Treatment for Dementia
Dementia is often overlooked as a normal part of aging, leading to delayed diagnosis. Currently, there is no permanent cure for dementia, but early detection and treatment can slow its progression.
Certain medications help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can prevent or delay cognitive decline.
Family support is crucial. Dementia patients eventually require assistance with basic activities like eating, sleeping, and personal care.
Dementia Statistics
- Every 3 seconds, someone in the world is diagnosed with dementia.
- As of 2013, there were 48 million dementia patients worldwide.
- By 2030, the number is expected to reach 76 million.
- By 2050, dementia cases may exceed 135 million.
- Currently, 62% of dementia patients live in low- and middle-income countries, and this percentage is expected to rise.
World Dementia Awareness Day
September 20 is observed as World Dementia Awareness Day to educate people about the condition and encourage early diagnosis and prevention.
How to Prevent Dementia
While there is no cure, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of dementia:
- Manage Stress – Chronic stress weakens memory.
- Seek Help – Ask someone to remind you of important tasks.
- Improve Focus – Pay close attention while listening and learning.
- Use Technology – Set reminders on your phone for essential tasks.
- Maintain a Healthy Diet – Control blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.
- Exercise Regularly – At least 30 minutes daily helps keep brain cells healthy.
Dementia is a growing global concern. While there is no cure, early awareness, a healthy lifestyle, and medical support can help manage and reduce the risk. Dementia patients are not insane; they need care, patience, and proper treatment to lead a better life.
